Application Requirements of High-Voltage Power Supplies in Urological Science

1. Analytical Overview of Application Scenarios 
High-voltage power supplies (HVPS) play a critical role in urological diagnosis and treatment, integrating into multiple technical frameworks. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) exemplifies a primary application, where HVPS drives electromagnetic or piezoelectric transducers to generate shock waves. This requires peak voltages of 10-30kV with voltage ripple controlled within ±1%, ensuring consistent energy output for effective lithotripsy. 
Urological electrosurgery (e.g., transurethral resection of the prostate, bladder tumor resection) relies on high-voltage high-frequency power supplies. These systems output 300-500V at 0.3-3MHz, utilizing arc discharge for tissue ablation. Key requirements include dynamic switching between cutting (higher voltage peaks) and coagulation modes (sustained energy release), alongside nanosecond-level switching response to minimize thermal damage. 
Neurostimulation in urodynamics further demands specialized HVPS. Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS), for instance, employs implanted pulse generators with 10-50V outputs. Critical specifications here include low ripple (<0.5%) and minimal leakage current (<10μA) to ensure safety and patient comfort. 
2. Technical Demands and Design Challenges 
Safety and Biocompatibility 
  HVPS for urological devices must comply with IEC 60601-1: 
  Electrical isolation: Dual/ (reinforced insulation) withstands 4000V AC/1min; 
  Leakage control: Patient-end leakage ≤50μA (normal), ≤100μA in fault conditions; 
  Overvoltage protection: Multi-stage clamping triggers within 1ms at >110% rated voltage. 
Precision Energy Regulation 
  ESWL requires energy resolution of 0.1-1J, achieved by adjusting capacitor charging voltage (1-30kV) and discharge timing. Miniaturization for portable devices (e.g., wearable urodynamic monitors) drives integration of high-efficiency (<10cm³) DC-DC converters, addressing EMI via shielding and filtering (CISPR 11 Class B compliance). 
Interference Immunity 
  In multi-device OR environments, HVPS employs: 
  Soft switching (ZVS) to reduce harmonic interference; 
  Physical isolation between control and power modules; 
  IP65-rated enclosures for resistance to disinfectants. 
3. Technological Trends 
Modern HVPS development focuses on intelligence, modularity, and low power consumption. Solid-state solutions (SiC/GaN devices) replace linear power supplies, offering >95% efficiency and nanosecond switching. Digital control enables real-time monitoring, remote parameter adjustment, and cloud-based data management. 
In research, high-voltage pulsed electric field (PFA) ablation for urological tumors shows promise, requiring 30-60kV/cm nanosecond pulses (<100ns), pushing the boundaries of transient response and waveform fidelity for next-generation HVPS. This technology advances tumor therapy toward non-thermal, selective cell ablation.